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      • Design Patterns
        • Creational Patterns
          • Singleton Pattern
        • Structural Patterns
          • Adapter Pattern
          • Composite Pattern
          • Decorator Pattern
          • Facade Pattern
          • Proxy Pattern
        • Behavioral Patterns
          • Observer Pattern
          • Chain Of Responsibility
          • Command
          • Iterator
          • Mediator
          • Memento
          • State
          • Strategy
          • Template
          • Visitor
      • System Design Concepts
        • CAP Theorem
        • Capacity Estimation
        • Database Replication
          • Leader-Based Replication
          • Consistency Models
          • Read Replicas & Replication Lag
          • Replication Implementations
        • Database Clustering
        • Multi Leader Replication
        • Distributed Systems
          • CAP Theorem
          • PACELC
          • Consistency Models
          • Idempotency & Exactly-Once Semantics
          • Distributed Locking
          • Leader Election
          • Gossip Protocol
          • Quorum Reads & Writes
          • Saga Pattern
          • Outbox Pattern
          • Logical Clocks
          • Multi-Region Design & Geo-Replication
        • Consensus & Coordination
          • Two-Phase Commit (2PC)
          • Raft Consensus
        • Messaging & Event-Driven
          • Message Queues vs Event Streams
          • Kafka Deep Dive
          • Event-Driven Architecture
          • CQRS: Command Query Responsibility Segregation
          • Dead Letter Queues & Retry Strategies
        • Rate Limiting
          • Rate Limiting Algorithms
        • Reliability Patterns
          • Circuit Breaker Pattern
          • Bulkhead Pattern
          • Back-Pressure & Load Shedding
        • API Design
          • API Pagination
          • API Idempotency Keys & Versioning
        • Architecture
          • Microservices vs Monolith
          • Service Discovery & API Gateway
        • Networking
          • TCP vs UDP
          • DNS
          • HTTP/1.1
          • HTTP/2
          • HTTP/3 and QUIC
          • HTTP Evolution
          • HTTP Headers
          • HTTP Status Codes
          • Reverse Proxy vs Forward Proxy
          • Load Balancing
          • CDN
          • WebSockets vs Long Polling vs SSE
          • REST vs gRPC vs GraphQL
        • Search, Geospatial & Real-Time
          • Search Autocomplete / Typeahead
          • GeoHash
          • QuadTree
          • Uber-Style Location Indexing
          • Presence & Online Status
          • Notification Fanout Strategies
          • WebSocket at Scale
          • MQTT
          • Payment System Design
          • Distributed Job Scheduling
          • Unique ID Generation
        • Storage & Databases
          • Database Indexes
          • B+ Tree
          • Hash Index
          • LSM Trees
          • RDBMS Internals
          • SQL vs NoSQL Decision Framework
          • Key-Value Stores (Redis)
          • Wide-Column Stores (Cassandra)
          • Document Stores (MongoDB)
          • Object Storage (S3)
          • Time-Series Databases
          • Columnar Storage
          • Consistent Hashing
          • Bloom Filters & HyperLogLog
          • Caching Patterns
          • Cache Eviction
          • Hot-Key / Hotspot Problems
          • Full-Text Search
        • Scaling
          • Database Sharding
        • Security
          • JWT (JSON Web Tokens)
            • JWT Structure
            • Signing Algorithms: HS256 vs RS256
            • Stateless Validation
            • Security Pitfalls
            • Tokens in Practice
          • OAuth 2.0 & OIDC
            • Grant Types
            • Token Lifecycle
            • OIDC: Identity Layer
            • Token Revocation
            • Architecture & Practice
          • API Authentication Patterns
            • API Keys
            • HMAC Signing
            • mTLS (Mutual TLS)
            • JWT Bearer Tokens
            • Choosing the Right Scheme
        • Data Engineering
          • Batch vs Streaming
          • Stream Processing Engines
          • Data Warehouse Basics
          • Change Data Capture (CDC)
        • AI / ML Systems
          • Recommendation System Design
          • Feature Store Design
          • ML Platform Design
      • System Design Use Cases
        • Distributed Cache
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Distributed Key-Value Store
          • High-Level Design
          • Storage Engine Deep Dive
          • Replication and Consistency Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Distributed Message Queue
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Dropbox / Google Drive
          • High-Level Design
          • Chunking, Dedup & Delta-Sync Deep Dive
          • Sync Engine & Access Control Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Google Maps / Navigation
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive — Routing
          • Deep Dive — Tiles & Traffic
          • Wrap-Up
        • Instagram / Photo Sharing
          • High-Level Design
          • Feed Deep Dive
          • Media Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Leaderboard
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Notification System
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Payment System
          • High-Level Design
          • Ledger Deep Dive
          • Reliability Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Rate Limiter Service
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Search Engine
          • High-Level Design
          • Indexing Deep Dive
          • Ranking Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Twitter Feed / Home Timeline
          • High-Level Design
          • Fan-Out Deep Dive
          • Ranking, Media and Mutations Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Typeahead / Autocomplete
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Uber / Ride-Sharing
          • High-Level Design
          • Location Service Deep Dive
          • Matching, Surge, Tracking & Payment Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • URL Shortener
          • High-Level Design
          • Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • Web Crawler
          • High-Level Design
          • Frontier and Deduplication Deep Dive
          • Politeness and Trap Avoidance Deep Dive
          • Scale and Coordination Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • WhatsApp / Chat System
          • High-Level Design
          • Delivery Deep Dive
          • Encryption Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
        • YouTube / Video Streaming
          • High-Level Design
          • Transcoding Deep Dive
          • Streaming Deep Dive
          • Wrap-Up
      • Graph Theory
        • Dijkstra's Algorithm
        • Problems
          • Cycle in Directed Graphs
        • Search
          • Breadth First Search
          • Depth First Search
        • Topological Sorting
        • Travelling Salesman Problem
      • Low-Level-Designs
        • Logger Framework
        • Blocking Queue
        • Distributed Unique ID Generator
        • Meeting Scheduler
        • Search Framework
      • Machine-Learnings
        • _index
          • gradient-descent
      • CAP Theorem
      • Capacity Estimation
      • Database Replication
        • Leader-Based Replication
        • Consistency Models
        • Read Replicas & Replication Lag
        • Replication Implementations
      • Database Clustering
      • Multi Leader Replication
      • Distributed Systems
        • CAP Theorem
        • PACELC
        • Consistency Models
        • Idempotency & Exactly-Once Semantics
        • Distributed Locking
        • Leader Election
        • Gossip Protocol
        • Quorum Reads & Writes
        • Saga Pattern
        • Outbox Pattern
        • Logical Clocks
        • Multi-Region Design & Geo-Replication
      • Consensus & Coordination
        • Two-Phase Commit (2PC)
        • Raft Consensus
      • Messaging & Event-Driven
        • Message Queues vs Event Streams
        • Kafka Deep Dive
        • Event-Driven Architecture
        • CQRS: Command Query Responsibility Segregation
        • Dead Letter Queues & Retry Strategies
      • Rate Limiting
        • Rate Limiting Algorithms
      • Reliability Patterns
        • Circuit Breaker Pattern
        • Bulkhead Pattern
        • Back-Pressure & Load Shedding
      • API Design
        • API Pagination
        • API Idempotency Keys & Versioning
      • Architecture
        • Microservices vs Monolith
        • Service Discovery & API Gateway
      • Networking
        • TCP vs UDP
        • DNS
        • HTTP/1.1
        • HTTP/2
        • HTTP/3 and QUIC
        • HTTP Evolution
        • HTTP Headers
        • HTTP Status Codes
        • Reverse Proxy vs Forward Proxy
        • Load Balancing
        • CDN
        • WebSockets vs Long Polling vs SSE
        • REST vs gRPC vs GraphQL
      • Search, Geospatial & Real-Time
        • Search Autocomplete / Typeahead
        • GeoHash
        • QuadTree
        • Uber-Style Location Indexing
        • Presence & Online Status
        • Notification Fanout Strategies
        • WebSocket at Scale
        • MQTT
        • Payment System Design
        • Distributed Job Scheduling
        • Unique ID Generation
      • Storage & Databases
        • Database Indexes
        • B+ Tree
        • Hash Index
        • LSM Trees
        • RDBMS Internals
        • SQL vs NoSQL Decision Framework
        • Key-Value Stores (Redis)
        • Wide-Column Stores (Cassandra)
        • Document Stores (MongoDB)
        • Object Storage (S3)
        • Time-Series Databases
        • Columnar Storage
        • Consistent Hashing
        • Bloom Filters & HyperLogLog
        • Caching Patterns
        • Cache Eviction
        • Hot-Key / Hotspot Problems
        • Full-Text Search
      • Scaling
        • Database Sharding
      • Security
        • JWT (JSON Web Tokens)
          • JWT Structure
          • Signing Algorithms: HS256 vs RS256
          • Stateless Validation
          • Security Pitfalls
          • Tokens in Practice
        • OAuth 2.0 & OIDC
          • Grant Types
          • Token Lifecycle
          • OIDC: Identity Layer
          • Token Revocation
          • Architecture & Practice
        • API Authentication Patterns
          • API Keys
          • HMAC Signing
          • mTLS (Mutual TLS)
          • JWT Bearer Tokens
          • Choosing the Right Scheme
      • Data Engineering
        • Batch vs Streaming
        • Stream Processing Engines
        • Data Warehouse Basics
        • Change Data Capture (CDC)
      • AI / ML Systems
        • Recommendation System Design
        • Feature Store Design
        • ML Platform Design
      System Design Concepts
      Architecture

      Architecture

      Microservices vs Monolith
      Monolith benefits and breakdown, microservices trade-offs, distributed monolith anti-pattern, decomposition strategies, and modular monolith
      Service Discovery & API Gateway
      Client-side vs server-side discovery, DNS-based discovery, API gateway responsibilities, BFF pattern, and service mesh vs gateway